tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32938840861145159782024-03-13T10:36:12.536+07:00wongfisikaLilik Fithrotinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10478309585378111171noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293884086114515978.post-62466752614670432432011-12-27T16:05:00.001+07:002011-12-27T16:10:11.283+07:00CONSERVE OUR MANGROVE FOREST<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U_iZQzI15jY/TvmIqpLukUI/AAAAAAAAAFI/CS0T4FDF5K0/s1600/DSCN1052.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U_iZQzI15jY/TvmIqpLukUI/AAAAAAAAAFI/CS0T4FDF5K0/s320/DSCN1052.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<div class="Section1"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" id="_x0000_t202" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"> </v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" stroked="f" style="height: 209.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: -7.9pt; margin-top: 2.05pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 241.65pt; z-index: -5;" type="#_x0000_t202" wrapcoords="-67 0 -67 21523 21600 21523 21600 0 -67 0"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 175.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 234pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\lilik\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Figure 1. The view of mangrove forest</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><w:wrap type="tight"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Mangrove is </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> type of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>forest <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>grow in ebb area, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">specially in beach was kept, lagoon and river estuary was closed by water when </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the tide is coming </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">it </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">will </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">be free from puddle of</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> water when the area ebb</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">s in</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> which the com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">m</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">unity</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">of the plant tolerance </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">to</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> salt (Kusuma <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">et al</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">2003). The word mangrove is from the combination of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">P</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ortugi’s </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">l</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">anguage “Mangue” and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">E</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">nglish </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">“grove”. </span><br />
</w:wrap></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Beside,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mangrove </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">f</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">orest is called </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">“<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">bakau” forest<i> </i></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">by Indonesian an</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> another country in East West Asia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> Actually the us</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">e of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terminology of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">akau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">forest</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">for mangrove forest is not correct because </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">akau<i> </i>is only local name from </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">genus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Rhizophora</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">hough mangrove forest consist</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> of many genus an</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">specie</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">s of another plants. So, mentioning of</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">mangrove forest with </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">bakau forest<i> </i></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">must be avoided</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">(Kusmana <i>et al., </i>2003).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div></div><div class="Section2"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><w:wrap type="tight"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Indonesia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">has </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">about</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> 89 kinds of mangrove trees or according to FAO there are 37 kinds. From all kinds</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> of</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> mangrove </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">in</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> Indonesia, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">many </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">kinds of mangrove </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">are</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> found such as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">api-api (<i>Avicennia </i>sp.), bakau (<i>Rhizophora </i>sp.), tancang (<i>Bruguiera </i>sp.) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">and</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> bogem </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">or</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> pedada (<i>Sonneratia </i>sp.). They </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">are main mangrove trees</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> that </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">found. Kinds of </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">that </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">mangrove are group</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ed into different functions, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">catch</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">, bat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> sedimen and stab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lilizing</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> its </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">earth </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">habitat. </span><br />
</w:wrap></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">pi-api (<i>Avicennia </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sp</i>.) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">or in the wor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">l</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">d is famous as </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">black mangrove </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">is the best kind in stabiling process its earth habitat because </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">seed </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">spreading</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> is easy, toleran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> with high temperature, growing respiration root quickly and the root system under</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">it can bat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">e</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> sediment well.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> Big mangrove, red mangrove </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">(<i>Rhizophora </i>sp.) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">are the second of</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> the best</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> kinds. That kinds can reduce </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the affect of damaged</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> to current, big wave and wind.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OVFmYtPaVfc/TvmJO-L4hiI/AAAAAAAAAFU/s0piATM-96U/s1600/DSCN1091.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OVFmYtPaVfc/TvmJO-L4hiI/AAAAAAAAAFU/s0piATM-96U/s320/DSCN1091.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" /> </span> </div></div><div class="Section3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" stroked="f" style="height: 3in; left: 0; margin-left: -4.5pt; margin-top: -5.3pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 223.5pt; z-index: -3;" type="#_x0000_t202" wrapcoords="-72 0 -72 21525 21600 21525 21600 0 -72 0"> <v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028;"> </v:textbox></v:shape></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 168pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 209.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\lilik\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Figure 3. Gate of mangrove forest in Gunung Anyar, Surabaya </span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><w:wrap type="tight"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
</w:wrap><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">It is the gate of mangrove forest in Gunung Anyar, Surabaya. It is exactly 2 km<span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from UPN Veteran Surabaya. It was built in 2010 and launched at January 1<sup>st</sup> 2010 by the former of Surabaya’s mayor. Beside,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the mangrove forest is not only “Wisata Anyar Mangrove” in Gunung <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anyar, but also in Wonorejo and Kenjeran, but only in Gunung Anyar was visited. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" stroked="f" style="height: 215.25pt; left: 0; margin-left: 1.5pt; margin-top: 97.5pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-indent: 0; width: 231.75pt; z-index: -2;" type="#_x0000_t202" wrapcoords="-70 0 -70 21525 21600 21525 21600 0 -70 0"> <v:textbox> </v:textbox></v:shape></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 163.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 216.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\lilik\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Figure 5. Information about function of mangrove forest</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bHswamfFloY/TvmJl8f-gtI/AAAAAAAAAFg/8gwvLYoUBwA/s1600/DSCN1142.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bHswamfFloY/TvmJl8f-gtI/AAAAAAAAAFg/8gwvLYoUBwA/s200/DSCN1142.JPG" width="200" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><br />
</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><w:wrap type="tight"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In their ecosystem only consists of </span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">api-api</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">a</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">nd </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">bakau</span></span><span class="longtext"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">.</span></i></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> When observation, the sea wave is tiding so bakau tree that grow over there can not be seen well because the height of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 meter. Beside, b</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">akau</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">in Gunung Anyar is still in growth so the function of bakau that grow over there isn’t maximal but many instance support the </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN-AU" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">programme</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> of mangrove forest in that area. For example PENS ITS, instance of PLN, Government of Surabaya City and the others.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span></div></w:wrap></div><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">The</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">function</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> of mangrove forest</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">can be grouped </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">into</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Protection for the shore. It means that mangrove forest can keep the shore line in order to stable.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Restraint from flood. Mangrove forest can protect the coast and rivers from the dangers of erosion and abrasion.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Adsorbent of material of pollution. Toxic waste are thrown away to the water and finally accumulated in the coast can be processed by mangrove forest. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Source of energy of water environment. Mangrove forest can </span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">produce weathering</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <span class="hps">materials</span> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">become</span> <span class="hps">a source of important</span> <span class="hps">food</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">plankton</span>, so it is <span class="hps">also important for</span> <span class="hps">the sustainability of</span> <span class="hps">the food</span> <span class="hps">chain</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Supporting environment condition. Mangrove forest</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> is <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">natural</span> <span class="hps">habitat</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">various</span> <span class="hps">types of</span> <span class="hps">biota</span>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">It can also filter sea water to be the fresh water. So it</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> can be a balance for nature.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Source of wood production. Wood of mangrove can be used for </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">firewood, charcoal and building materials.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Source of aquatic production. One of place for fish, </span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">shellfish</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">, <span class="hps">crabs</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">shrimp</span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;"> to breed is mangrove forest.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Source of recreation. If mangrove forest can be managed and controlled well, it will be able to be one of beautiful tourism object. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Wingdings";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><w:wrap type="tight"><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Source of protection. Many animals that take shelter, nest and breed there. For example bird and monkey with long tail. </span></span><br />
</w:wrap></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Some parts of mangrove forest in Gunung Anyar </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">get damaged likes the figure 6.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Damage </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">of</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> mangroves can occur naturally or </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">consequence of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">community pressure. Naturally, the damage level </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">is</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> generally smaller than the damage caused by human activities. Natural damage</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> is</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> caused by natural events such as hurricanes or long dry climate that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">cause</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> <span lang="IN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the accumulation of salt in the plant. Many human activities around the area of mangrove forest which cause</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> the</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> changes in physical and chemical</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">characteristics </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">around</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> the mangrove habitat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">. Beside, awareness of people to mangrove forest is still low so they don’t give attention for it. It is proved that there are rubbish found in Gunung Anyar. It can cause</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> pollution</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">and death</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> of </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">tree</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">. </span><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">The effect of the damaged mangrove forests such as coastal abrasion, resulting sea water intrusion further into the mainland, the potential decline of fisheries, disrupted wild life and reducing the source of livelihood of local residents.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">There are three ways for saving our mangrove forest. First, give support (moral and material) to efforts that have purp</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ose to conserve mangrove forest. Secondly, support to wisdom of conservation of mangrove forest from exploitation for economy side. And the last, give education of conservation of mangrove forest early and teach them that conservation of mangrove forest is one of the way to make our earth be better.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">REFFERENCES</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://indonesiaforest.webs.com/manfaat_hutan_mangrove.pdf"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">http://indonesiaforest.webs.com/manfaat_hutan_mangrove.pdf</span></a><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was accessed on March 7<sup>th</sup> 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://wamsby.wordpress.com/"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">http://wamsby.wordpress.com/</span></a><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> was accessed on March 11<sup>st</sup> 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://fertob.wordpress.com/"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">http://fertob.wordpress.com/</span></a><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> was accessed on April 13<sup>rd</sup> 2011</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Lilik Fithrotinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10478309585378111171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3293884086114515978.post-75062430313432315592011-11-24T02:42:00.001+07:002011-11-24T02:43:18.179+07:00ATRAKSI FISIKA DI UDARA MELALUI GERAKAN BURUNG-BURUNG<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;">Lilik Fithrotin (083184007)</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;">Pendidikan Fisika Reguler / FMIPA</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;">Universitas Negeri Surabaya</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;"><b>Abstract</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Phenomenon of nature that related with physics if explanated use physics formula make people unwilling to study it. Explanation of physics throught nontechnical language actually more easy to understand many people. Even for people who haven’t basic ofphysics. For example is birds attraction on air. The event contain many physics concept. The attraction is have a role four forces that isdrag force, lift force, thrust, and weight.</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;"><b>PENDAHULUAN</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Menjelaskan fenomena alam melalui rumus dan persamaan fisika, justru membuat banyak orang alergi untuk mempelajarinya. Tidak berlebihan jika sebagian besar masyarakat kita menjadi fobia terhadap fisika. Meski interaksi fisika dan matematika itu sangat kuat, bukan berarti fisika hanya bisa dipahami dengan penjelasan melalui sekumpulan rumus dan persamaan fisik yang ngejelimet. Eksplanasi fisika melalui bahasa nonteknis ternyata ampuh untuk melunturkan fobia masyarakat terhadap ilmu tersebut. Bahkan orang-orang yang tidak punya background fisika pun bisa memahami sejumlah konsepsi mengenai alam semesta. Dalam beberapa peristiwa kehidupan sehari-hari dapat dapat dipahami dengan mudah menggunakan konsep fisika, contonya adalah konsep udara yang merupakan zat gas atau dalam ilmu fisika lebih akrab dengan istilah fluida (zat alir).<br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Sekumpulan burung Pelikan, Camar dan Angsa terbang indah di udara. Suatu atraksi udara yang sangat menakjubkan! Ada rasa iri yang dapat dimengerti saat manusia menyaksikan pertunjukan ini. Ternyata semua akal budi dan kepandaian manusia belum dapat menyaingi kemampuan burung yang dapat terbang dengan mulus dan sempurna tanpa menggunakan alat bantu mesin<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>mesin besar yang mengeluarkan suara bising yang memekakkan telinga seperti pesawat<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>pesawat ciptaan manusia. Apa rahasianya? Bagaimana burung bisa terbang, mengalahkan semua keterbatasan akibat berat tubuh mereka dan gravitasi bumi? Mereka bahkan selalu terbang sebagai kawanan burung yang dengan kompak menjelajahi udara dengan gerak<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>gerik yang indah. Kalah kompakkah manusia? Atraksi terbang burung<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>burung di udara ini ternyata melibatkan ilmu fisika.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><b>Ada 4 jenis gaya yang terlibat dalam atraksi udara tertua ini.</b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Drag Force,yaitu gaya hambat udara.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Gaya ini berasal dari tumbukan molekul<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>molekul udara dengan tubuh burung. Arah gaya ini selalu berlawanan dengan arah gerak burung. Sedangkan besar gaya ini sangat tergantung pada luas permukaan burung dan kecepatan burung. Semakin luas permukaan burung semakin besar gaya hambatnya. Semakin cepat burung bergerak semakin besar pula gaya hambatnya ini. Suatu ilustrasi yang dapat menggambarkan drag<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>force (hambatan) udara ini adalah hambatan yang dirasakan saat kita berjalan melawan arah angin yang kencang. Hambatan ini semakin terasa besar ketika kita membuka lengan kita lebar<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>lebar (memperluas permukaan tubuh kita) atau ketika kita bergerak lebih cepat.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Lift Force (gaya angkat)</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Gaya yang mengangkat burung ke atas. Ada 2 hal yang dapat menimbulkan gaya angkat ini: kepakan sayap dan aliran udara yang lewat sayap. Ketika burung mengepakkan sayap ke bawah, burung menekan udara ke bawah, akibatnya udara akan menekan balik dan mendorong burung ke atas (hukum aksi<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>reaksi). Semakin cepat kepakan sayap, semakin besar gaya keatasnya. Itu sebabnya burung merpati yang hendak terbang akan mengepakan sayapnya secara cepat. Burung yang berat seperti Kori Bustard dari Afrika tentu harus mempunyai otot dada yang kuat sehingga mampu mengepakan sayap lebih cepat untuk mengangkat tubuhnya yang gembrot itu (19 kg). (Karena ototnya keras, daging Kori Bustard kera, kurang enak dimakan).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Udara yang mengalir lewat bagian atas sayap akan bergerak lebih cepat karena udara ini harus menempuh lintasan yang lebih jauh. Akibatnya tekanan dibagian ini lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan tekanan udara dibawah sayap. Perbedaan tekanan ini memberikan gaya angkat pada burung. Semakin melengkung (semakin aerodinamis) sayap semakin besar gaya angkatnya.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Thrust (gaya dorong)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Gaya yang mendorong burung bergerak maju. Gaya ini dihasilkan melalui kepakan sayap yang bergerak seperti angka 8 rebah (dilihat dari samping). Kepakan sayap menghasilkan suatu pusaran udara (vorteks) yang dapat memberikan suatu dorongan bagi burung untuk bergerak maju di udara. Besar<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;"></span>kecilnya gaya dorong ini sangat tergantung pada kekuatan otot terbang.</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>Weight (gaya berat)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Gaya tarik gravitasi bumi. Besarnya sangat tergantung pada massa burung. Arahnya vertikal ke bawah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Kombinasi ke 4 gaya ini dimanfaatkan burung untuk melakukan berbagai atraksi seperti parachutting (gerak parasut), gliding (meluncur), flight (terbang ke depan), dan soaring (membubung).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"> Parachuting (gerak parasut) merupakan gerak jatuh di udara (bisa miring bisa pula vertikal). Sudut miringnya lebih besar dari 450 terhadap garis mendatar. Untuk melakukan gerak parasut, burung rajawali harus memperbesar gaya hambatnya (drag force) caranya adalah dengan memperbesar luas permukaannya (misalnya dengan melebarkan sayapnya).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Gliding (meluncur) yaitu gerak jatuh yang membentuk sudut lebih kecil dari 45° dengan garis mendatar. Fokus utama dalam gliding adalah meluncur semendatar mungkin. Ini dilakukan dengan memperkecil gaya hambat udara. Dalam melakukan gliding burung Fulmar dapat menempuh jarak mendatar 8,5 meter tetapi hanya turun 1 meter saja. Burung pemakan bangkai (Vultures) lebih bagus lagi, burung ini dapat menempuh jarak mendatar 22 jarak meter dengan turun hanya 1 meter.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;"> Flight (terbang) dilakukan dengan mengepakkan sayap. Kepakan sayap digunakan untuk menghasilkan gaya dorong ke depan (thrust) dan gaya angkat (lift). Gaya dorong dan gaya angkat ini dapat diatur oleh burung untuk mengendalikan arah, kecepatan, dan ketinggiannya (ternyata otak burung cukup cerdas untuk menghitung fisika). Ketika burung hantu turun dengan kecepatan tinggi untuk menangkap tikus, burung hantu mengecilkan drag force dengan merampingkan tubuhnya atau menekuk sayapnya. Ketika sudah dekat dengan mangsanya (akan mendarat), burung hantu memperlambat gerakannya dengan memperbesar drag force yaitu dengan mengembangkan sayapnya, hebat sekali ilmu fisika burung hantu ini.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Soaring (gerak membubung) merupakan gerak naik tanpa mengepakkan sayap. Gerakan ini dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan arus udara. Akibat pemanasan matahari suhu udara yang dekat permukaan bumi menjadi lebih panas, udara panas ini akan naik ke atas dan menimbulkan arus udara ke atas. Arus udara inilah yang dimanfaatkan oleh burung rajawali untuk membubung tinggi tanpa perlu mengepakan sayapnya yang besar (hemat energi lho). Burung camar atau burung albatros, lain lagi. Untuk membubung, burung camar memanfaatkan arus udara yang dipantulkan oleh permukaan air laut. Itu sebabnya burung camar selalu berada dekat<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>dekat dengan permukaan laut.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><b>Parade Burung Terbang</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">Pernah lihat angsa atau burung terbang bermigrasi (berpindah tempat)? Angsa ini umumnya terbang berkelompok membentuk suatu parade yang sangat indah, jarang ditemukan angsa terbang jauh sendirian. Selain untuk meningkatkan keamanan terhadap serangan predator, kebersamaan itu juga mengurangi resiko tersesat di jalan saat melakukan migrasi jarak jauh. Dalam melakukan migrasi dari satu tempat ke tempat lain angsa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>angsa ini memanfaatkan medan magnetik bumi sebagai penunjuk arah. Dalam melakukan parade, angsa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>angsa ini seringkali membentuk formasi seperti huruf V. Angsa yang paling depan (pemimpin) merupakan pembuka jalan yang harus bekerja keras “memecah” hambatan udara, sehingga angsa dibelakangnya dapat bergerak lebih mudah. Ketika pemimpin ini lelah, temannya segera menggantikan posisinya. Dalam formasi huruf V ini gerakan angsa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>angsa dalam kawanan ini sangat sinergi sehingga mereka tidak perlu keluar tenaga terlalu besar (pemakaian energi lebih efisien) untuk melakukan perjalanan yang jauh (wah tampaknya kita harus belajar dari angsa dalam bekerja sama).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">Angsa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>angsa ini tampak kompak sekali, seakan<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>akan tidak pernah ada yang salah arah. Sebenarnya berbagai kesalahan arah terbang tetap terjadi, hanya saja kesalahan itu dapat dengan cepat dileburkan sehingga tidak terlihat mempengaruhi arah terbang kawanan. Misalkan, sekumpulan angsa sedang bergerak ke arah utara. Jika satu angsa menyimpang dari posisi (1) ke posisi (2) lalu ke posisi (3) dan (4), maka angsa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>angsa lain akan berusaha menyesuaikan diri (dengan memperhatikan aliran udara dan kondisi udara di sekitarnya) sedemikian sehingga terjadi perubahan posisi tetapi arah gerak kawanan tetap tidak berubah yaitu tetap ke arah utara. Konsep perubahan posisi ini dapat diterapkan dalam ilmu manajemen modern lho. Menurut konsep ini jika ada seorang mempunyai ide yang dapat menyimpangkan arah perusahaan tetapi menguntungkan perusahaan itu, orang ini tidak akan dikucilkan. Teman<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>temannyalah yang akan menyesuaikan diri sedemikian sehingga misi dan visi perusahaan tetap tidak berubah, walaupun mungkin posisi teman<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>temannya itu bisa berubah luar biasa bukan.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"><b>PENUTUP</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">Dari pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam kejadian sehari-hari mengandung banyak konsep fisika. Jika dipelajari lebih dalam dapat mengubah pandangan tentang ilmu fisika yang membosankan menjadi menyenangkan. Hal yang dibahas dalam artikel di atas adalah tentang atraksi fisika di udara, yaitu gerakan burung-burung. Memang asyik mengamati gerakan<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>gerakan burung. Ternyata dalam ilmu fisika kita harus banyak belajar dari burung. Begitu indah dan mempesonanya atraksi fisika yang mereka pertontonkan di udara selama jutaan tahun sehingga rasanya kita ini tidak ada apa<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">‐</span>apanya. Atraksi ini melibatkan 4 gaya,yaitu drag force ( gaya hambat udara), lift force ( gaya angkat), thrust ( gaya dorong), weight ( gaya berat ).</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: center;"><b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Giancoli, Douglas C. 1998. <i>Physics Fifth Edition (terjemahan).</i> Jakarta : Erlangga</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Kanginan, Marthen. 1994. <i>Fisika SMA Kelas XI semester 2.</i> Jakarta: Erlangga</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Setiawan, Hilman. 2000. <i>Buku Pintar Belajar Fisika.</i> Jakarta: Sagufindo Kinarya<i></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Sugiyono dkk. 1992. <i>Konsep – konsep Fisika.</i> Bandung: Intan Pariwara</div><div><br />
</div>Lilik Fithrotinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10478309585378111171noreply@blogger.com4